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Classified information From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents o 1.1 Classification levels o 1.2 Compartmented information o 1.3 Atomic information o 1.4 Sharing classified information between countries + 1.4.1 International organisations o 1.5 By country + 1.5.1 Australia + 1.5.2 Canada # 1.5.2.1 Background and hierarchy # 1.5.2.2 Special operational information # 1.5.2.3 Classified information # 1.5.2.4 Protected information + 1.5.3 People's Republic of China + 1.5.4 France + 1.5.5 Hong Kong + 1.5.6 New Zealand + 1.5.7 Sweden + 1.5.8 United Kingdom + 1.5.9 United States o 1.6 Table of equivalent classification markings in various countries * 2 Corporate classification o 2.1 Example * 3 See also * 4 References * 5 External links and references The highest level of classification of material on a national level. Such material would cause "exceptionally grave damage" to national security if publicly available. Secret Such material would cause "serious damage" to national security if publicly available. Confidential Such material would cause "damage" or be "prejudicial" to national security if publicly available. Restricted Such material would cause "undesirable effects" if publicly available. Some countries do not have such a classification. Unclassified Technically not a classification level, but is used for government documents that do not have a classification listed above. Such documents can sometimes be viewed by those without security clearance. Depending on the level of classification there are different rules controlling the level of clearance needed to view such information, and how it must be stored, transmitted, and destroyed. Additionally, access is restricted on a "need to know" basis. Simply possessing a clearance does not automatically authorise the individual to view all material classified at that level or below that level. The individual must present a legitimate "need to know" in addition to the proper level of clearance. Atomic information Government information about nuclear weapons such as nuclear warheads often has an additional marking to show it contains such information. The marker ESI or "Extremely Sensitive Information" is applied. International organisations * NATO, has 5 levels: COSMIC TOP SECRET (CTS), FOCAL TOP SECRET (FTS), NATO SECRET (NS), NATO CONFIDENTIAL (NC), and NATO RESTRICTED (NR) * European Commission, has 5 levels, EU TOP SECRET, EU SECRET, EU CONFIDENTIAL, EU RESTRICTED, and EU COUNCIL / COMMISSION.[3][4] (Note that usually the French term is used) Facsimile of the cover page from an East German operation manual for the M-125 Fialka cipher machine. The underlined classification markings can be translated as "Cryptologic material! Secret classified material" [2]. which broadly corresponds to SECRET in the national security system. Protected which broadly corresponds to CONFIDENTIAL in the national security system. 'X'-in-confidence which broadly corresponds to RESTRICTED in the national security system. * the identity of confidential source of information, intelligence or assistance to the Government of Canada * tools used for information gathering or intelligence * the object of a covert investigation, or a covert collection of information or intelligence * the identity of any person who is under covert survalliance * encryption and cryptographic systems * information or intelligence to, or received from, a foreign entity or terrorist group This applies when compromise might reasonably cause exceptionally grave injury to the national interest. The possible impact must be great, immediate and irreparable. Secret This applies when compromise might reasonably cause serious injury to the national interest. Confidential When disclosure might reasonably cause injury to the national interest. is used to protect extremely sensitive information if compromised, could reasonably be expected to cause extremely grave injury outside the national interest. Examples could include bankruptcy, identities of informants in criminal investigations, etc. Protected B (Particularly Sensitive designated information) is used to protect information which could cause severe injury or damage to the people or group involved if it was released. Examples include medical records, annual personnel performance reviews, etc. Protected A (Low-Sensitive designated information) is applied to low sensitivity information which should not be disclosed to the public without authorisation and could reasonably be expected to cause injury or embarrassment outside the national interest. Example of Protected A information could include employee number, pay deposit banking information, etc. People's Republic of China The Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China (which is not operative in the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau) makes it a crime to release a state secret. However, what constitutes a state secret is vaguely defined. There is no formal system of classification, nor are there legal requirements limiting what can be declared secret or even preventing information previously released from being retroactively declared state secrets. France In France, classified information defined by article 413-9 of the Penal Code.[5] The three levels of military classification are Confidentiel défense (Confidential Defence) information deemed potentially harmful to national defence, or which could lead to uncovering an information classified at a higher level of security. Secret défense (secret defence) information deemed very harmful to national defence. Such information cannot be reproduced without authorisation from the emitting authority, except in exceptional emergencies. Très Secret Défense (very secret defence) information deemed extremely harmful to national defence, and relative to governmental priorities in national defence. No service or organisation can elaborate, process, stock, transfer, display or destroy information or protected supports classified at this level without authorisation from the Prime Minister or the national secretry for National Defence. Partial or exhaustive reproduction is strictly forbidden. Less sensitive information is "protected". The levels are * Non Protégé (unprotected) * Diffusion restreinte administrateur ("administrative restricted information") * Diffusion restreinte ("restricted information") * Confidentiel personnels Sous-Officiers ("Confidential non-commissioned officers") * Confidentiel personnels Officiers ("Confidential officers") A further mention, "spécial France" (reserved France) restricts the document to French citizens (in its entirety or by extracts). This is not a classification level. Declassification of documents can be done by the Commission consultative du secret de la défense nationale (CCSDN), an independent authority. Transfer of classified information is done with double enveloppes, the outer layer being plastified and numbered, and the inner in strong paper. Reception of the document involves examination of the physical integrity of the container and registration of the document. In foreign countries, the document must be transferred through specialised military mail or diplomatic bag. Transport is done by an authorised convoyer or habilitated person for mail under 20 kg. The letter must bear a seal mentionning "PAR VALISE ACCOMPAGNEE-SACOCHE". Once a year, ministers have an inventory of classified information and supports by competent authorities. Once their usage period is expired, documents are transferred to archives, where they are either destroyed (by incineration, crushing or electrical overtension), or stored. In case of compromission of a classified information, competent authorities are the Ministry of Interior, the Haut fonctionnaire de défense et de sécurité ("high civil servant for defence and security") of the relevant ministry, and the General secretary for National Defence. Violation of such secrets is an offence punishable with 7 years of imprisonment and a 100 000 Euro fine; if the offence is committed by imprudence or negligence, the penalties are 3 years of imprisonment and a 45 000 Euro fine. Hong Kong Security Bureau is responsible for developing policies in regards to the protection and handling of confidential government information. In general, the system used in Hong Kong is very similar to the UK system, developed from the Colonial Hong Kong era. 4 classifications exists in Hong Kong, from highest to lowest in sensitivity[6]: * Top Secret (高度機密) * Secret (機密) * Confidential (保密) o Temporary Confidential (臨時保密) * Restricted (限閱文件/內部文件) o Restricted (staff) (限閱文件（人事)) o Restricted (tender) (限閱文件 (投標)) o Restricted (administration) (限閱文件 (行政)) Restricted documents are not classified per se, but only those who have a need to know will have access to such information, in accordance with the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance. [7] New Zealand Like the United Kingdom, New Zealand uses the Restricted grade, which is lower than Confidential. Information with a Restricted classification is not for general dissemination, but is not classified in the strictest sense of the word - it is often used for controlling the release of reports and other documents until it can be done officially. People may be given access to Restricted and Confidential information on the strength of an authorisation by their Head of Department, without being subjected to the background vetting associated with Secret and Top Secret clearances. New Zealand's security classifications and the national-harm requirements associated with their use are roughly similar to those of the United States. In addition to national security classifications there are a number of classifications used within ministries and departments of the government, to indicate, for example, that information should not be released outside the originating ministry. Because of strict privacy requirements around personal information, personnel files are controlled in all parts of the public and private sectors. Information relating to the security vetting of an individual is usually classified at the Confidential level even though it has no national security significance, because of the detail that is recorded through the vetting process. Sweden The Swedish classification has been updated due to increased NATO/PfP co-operation. All classified defence documents will now have both a Swedish classification (Kvalificerat Hemlig or Hemlig), and an English classification (Top Secret, Secret, Confidential or Restricted).[citation needed] United Kingdom Main article: Classified information in the United Kingdom The United Kingdom currently uses four levels of classification — from lowest to highest, they are: RESTRICTED, CONFIDENTIAL, SECRET and TOP SECRET. Those working with such material must have the relevant security clearance and often must sign to confirm their understanding and acceptance of the Official Secrets Act. Government documents without a classification may be marked as "UNCLASSIFIED". United States Main article: Classified information in the United States The U.S. classification system is currently established under Executive Order 13292 and has three levels of classification — Confidential, Secret, and Top Secret. The U.S. had a Restricted level during World War II but no longer does. U.S. regulations state that information received from other countries at the Restricted level should be handled as Confidential. A variety of markings are used for material that is not classified, but whose distribution is limited administratively or by other laws, e.g., For Official Use Only (FOUO), or Sensitive but Unclassified (SBU). The Atomic Energy Act of 1954 provides for the protection of information related to the design of nuclear weapons. The term "Restricted Data" is used to denote certain nuclear technology. Information about the storage, use or handling of nuclear material or weapons is marked "Formerly Restricted Data." These designations are used in addition to level markings (Confidential, Secret and Top Secret). Information protected by the Atomic Energy Act is protected by law and information classified under the Executive Order is protected by Executive privilege. Table of equivalent classification markings in various countries Country Top Secret Secret Confidential Restricted Argentina Estrictamente Secreto y Confidencial Secreto Confidencial Reservado Australia Top Secret Secret Confidential Restricted Austria Streng Geheim Geheim Verschlußsache Nur für den Dienstgebrauch Belgium (Dutch) Zeer Geheim Geheim Vertrouwelijk Bolivia Supersecreto or Muy Secreto Secreto Confidencial Reservado Bosnia Strogo Povjerljivo Tanjno Konfidencialno Restiktirano Brazil Ultra Secreto Secreto Confidencial Reservado Bulgaria Строго секретно Секретно Поверително За служебно ползване Cambodia Sam Ngat Bamphot Sam Ngat Roeung Art Kambang Ham Kom Psay Canada Top Secret/Très secret Secret/Secret Confidential/ Confidentiel Chile Secreto Secreto Reservado Reservado China, People's Republic of Juémì (绝密) Jīmì (机密) Mìmì (秘密) Neibu(内部) Colombia Ultrasecreto Secreto Confidencial Reserva del sumario Costa Rica Alto Secreto Secreto Confidencial Croatia Vrlo tajno Tajno Povjerljivo Czech Republic Přísně Tajné Tajné Důvěrné Vyhrazené Denmark Yderst Hemmeligt Hemmeligt Fortroligt Til Tjenestebrug Foreign Service: Fortroligt (thin Black border} Ecuador Secretisimo Secreto Confidencial Reservado Egypt Sirri Lilghayeh Sirri gedan khas mahzoor El Salvador Ultra Secreto Secreto Confidencial Reservado Estonia Täiesti salajane Salajane Konfidentsiaalne Piiratud Ethiopia Yemiaz Birtou Mistir Mistir Kilkil Finland Erittäin salainen (TTL I) Salainen (TTL II) Luottamuksellinen (TTL III) Viranomaiskäyttöön (TTL IV) ¹ France Très secret défense Secret défense Confidentiel défense Diffusion restreinte Germany Streng Geheim Geheim VS-Vertraulich VS-Nur für den Dienstgebrauch Greece Άκρως Απόρρητον Απόρρητον Εμπιστευτικόν Περιορισμένης Χρήσης Guatemala Alto Secreto Secreto Confidencial Reservado Haiti Top Secret Secret Confidential Reserve Honduras Super Secreto Secreto Confidencial Reservado Hong Kong S.A.R., People's Republic of China Top Secret, 高度機密 Secret, 機密 Confidential, 保密 Restricted, 內部文件/限閱文件 Hungary Szigorúan Titkos Titkos Bizalmas India परम गुप्त (Param Gupt) गुप्त (Gupt) गोपनीय (Gopniya) प्रतिबंधित/सीमित (Pratibandhit/seemit) Indonesia Sangat Rahasia Rahasia Rahasia Dinas Terbatas Iran Bekoliserri به کلّى سرّى Serri سرّى Kheili Mahramaneh خيلى محرمانه Mahramaneh محرمانه Iraq Sirri Lil-ghayah Sirri Khass Mehdoud Iceland Algert Leyndarmál Leyndarmál Þjónustuskjal Trúnaðarmál Ireland (Irish language) An-sicreideach Sicreideach Runda Srianta Israel Sodi Beyoter סודי ביותר Sodi סודי Shamur שמור Mugbal מוגבל Italy Segretissimo Segreto Riservatissimo Riservato Japan Kimitsu, 機密 Gokuhi, 極秘 Hi, 秘 Toriatsukaichuui, 取り扱い注意 Jordan Maktum Jiddan Maktum Sirri Mahdud Korea, South I-Kup Bi Mil, 1급비밀 II-Kup Bi Mil, 2급비밀 III-Kup Bi Mil, 3급비밀 Dae Woi Bi, 대외비 Laos Lup Sood Gnod Kuam Lup Kuam Lap Chum Kut Kon Arn Latvia Sevišķi slepeni Slepeni Konfidenciāli Dienesta vajadzībām Lebanon Tres Secret Secret Confidentiel Lithuania Visiškai Slaptai Slaptai Konfidencialiai Riboto Naudojimo Malaysia Rahsia Besar Rahsia Sulit Terhad Mexico Ultra Secreto Secreto Confidencial Restringido Netherlands Zeer Geheim Geheim Vertrouwelijk Beperkt verspreid New Zealand Top Secret Secret Confidential Restricted Nicaragua Alto Secreto Secreto Confidencial Reservado Norway STRENGT HEMMELIG HEMMELIG KONFIDENSIELT BEGRENSET Pakistan (Urdu) Intahai Khufia Khufia Sigh-e-Raz Barai Mahdud Taqsim Pakistan (English) Top Secret Secret Confidential Restricted Paraguay Secreto Secreto Confidencial Reservado Peru Estrictamente Secreto Secreto Confidencial Reservado Philippines Top Secret Secret Confidential Restricted Poland Ściśle tajne Tajne Poufne Zastrzeżone Portugal Muito Secreto Secreto Confidencial Reservado Romania Strict Secret de Importanţă Deosebită Strict Secret Secret Secret de serviciu Russia Особой важности (вариант: Совершенно Секретно (Sovershenno Sekretno)) Совершенно секретно (вариант: Секретно (Sekretno)) Секретно (вариант: Не подлежит оглашению (Конфиденциально) (Ne podlezhit oglasheniyu (Konfidentsial'no)) Для Служебного Пользования (ДСП) (Dlya Sluzhebnogo Pol'zovaniya) Saudi Arabia Saudi Top Secret Saudi Very Secret Saudi Secret Saudi Restricted Serbia Proposition of non government organisation (in parliament procedure) Drzavna tajna Strogo poverljivo Poverljivo Interno Singapore Top Secret Secret Confidential Restricted Slovak Republic Prísne tajné Tajné Dôverné Vyhradené Slovenija Strogo tajno Tajno Zaupno Interno Spain Secreto Reservado Confidencial Difusión Limitada Sweden Kvalificerat Hemlig (KH); Hemlig/Top Secret (H/TS) Hemlig (H); Hemlig/Secret H/S) Hemlig/Confidential (H/C) Hemlig/Restricted (H/R) Switzerland Geheim / Secret Vertraulich / Confidentiel Dienstlich / Interne au service Thailand Lup Tisud, ลับที่สุด Lup Maag, ลับมาก Lup,ลับ Turkey Çok Gizli Gizli Özel Hizmete Özel South Africa (English) Top Secret Secret Confidential Restricted South Africa (Afrikaans) Uiters Geheim Geheim Vertroulik Beperk United Kingdom TOP SECRET SECRET CONFIDENTIAL RESTRICTED United States Top Secret Secret Confidential Uruguay Ultra Secreto Secreto Confidencial Reservado Vietnam Tối Mật Mật Kín Phổ Biến Hạn Chế NATO Cosmic Top Secret NATO Secret NATO Confidential NATO Restricted Original source: NISPOM Appendix B [5] ¹ In addition, Finland uses label Salassa pidettävä, "to be kept secret" for information which is not classified but must not be revealed on some other basis than national security. (E.g. privacy, trade secrets etc.) Corporate classification Private corporations often require written confidentiality agreements and conduct background checks on candidates for sensitive positions. [6] In the U.S. the Employee Polygraph Protection Act prohibits private employers from requiring lie detector tests, but there are a few exceptions. Policies dictating methods for marking and safeguarding company-sensitive information (e.g. "IBM Confidential") are common and some companies have more than one level. Such information is protected under trade secret laws. New product development teams are often sequestered and forbidden to share information about their efforts with un-cleared fellow employees, the original Apple Macintosh project being a famous example. Other activities, such as mergers and financial report preparation generally involve similar restrictions. However, corporate security generally lacks the elaborate hierarchical clearance and sensitivity structures and the harsh criminal sanctions that give government classification systems their particular tone.
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